In 2014, the IoTWF architectural committee published a seven-layer IoT architectural reference model, which offers a simplified perspective on IoT and includes edge computing, data storage, and access.
The model defines a set of levels with control flowing from the center to the edge, including sensors, devices, machines, and other intelligent end nodes. Data travels up the stack, originating from the edge, and goes northbound to the center.
The reference model aims to decompose the IoT problem into smaller parts, identify different technologies at each layer, define a system where different parts can be provided by different vendors, have a process of defining interfaces that lead to interoperability, and define a tiered security model enforced at the transition points between levels.
Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer
This layer is home to the "things" in the Internet of Things, including endpoint devices and sensors that send and receive information. Its primary function is generating data and being capable of being queried and/or controlled over a network.
Layer 2: Connectivity Layer
This layer focuses on reliable and timely transmission of data, including transmissions between Layer 1 devices and the network and between the network and information processing at Layer 3.
The most important function of this layer is data reduction and converting network data flows into information ready for storage and processing by higher layers.
Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer
Layer 3 evaluates data to see if predefined thresholds are crossed and sends actions or alerts if necessary.
Layer 4: Data Accumulation Layer
Captures data and stores it so it is usable by application when necessary. It converts event based data to query-based processing.
Layer 5: Data Abstraction Layer
Reconciles multiple data formats and ensures consistent semantics from various sources. Confirms that the dataset is complete and consolidates the data into one place or multiple data stores using virtualization.
Layer 6: Applications Layer
Interprets data using software applications. Applications may monitor, control and provide reports based on the analysis of the data.
Layer 7: Collaborations and Processing Layer
Consumes and shares application information. Collaborating on and communicating IoT information often requires multiple steps, and it is what makes IoT useful. This layer can change business process and deliver the benefits of IoT.
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